Is that True? conducted away. Pressure refuelling is normal for multi crew transport aircraft and business jets but gravity refuelling of these types may be available as a backup system. 0000005154 00000 n Porygon Z also gets a very powerful boost to its Tri-Attack during Partly Cloudy weather, which could make up for it being a Normal type move. Re-fuelling should not take place during active electrical storms/thunderstormsin the immediate vicinity of the airport. An earthing strap connects the pipe to the ground (the Earth). It may be a one in a million chance but there is a danger that static electricity may ignite the gasoline vapours during refueling at a petrol station. %PDF-1.4 % (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); When charge jumps have resulted in a brief flash fire occurring at the fill point. The principal hazard of static electricity is a spark discharge that could ignite a fire or even cause an explosion. a spark can jump between the two This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. Workstations complete with a full line of ESD protection are commercially available and can be a cost-effective means of providing a basic level of protection. Direct catastrophic failures occur when a component is damaged to the However, the use of static dissipater additives in fuel can contribute materially to reducing the risk involved. A particular concern is the proliferation of below-specification mobile telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously. ), If asked to explain a use, think carefully about the forces exerted due to static electricity and what they will do. A contact potential will occur almost anytime two solid objects make contact. Can a small spark from static electricity cause an explosion? How is Groundwater Protected During Hydraulic Fracturing? 0000002786 00000 n There must be a cable to link to designated points or to clean unpainted metal surfaces on the chosen airframe. large surface area and What changed? Aircraft electrical racks also have a very low resistance path to the aircraft structure. This can cause a serious It also appears that PEDs close to or on board modern aircraft can interfere with fuel gauges and some navigation equipment and may cause false fire warnings in cargo/baggage holds. Do not smoke, light matches or lighters while refueling at the pump or when using gasoline anywhere else. The killer providing the spark is sometimes . Fill container no more than 95 percent full to allow for expansion. The driver may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you touch the fuel pump. or rack supporting the unit to be replaced for several seconds. This friction strips electrons from the atmosphere and causes them to build up on the skin of the aircraft. A suggestion to include charge (any) could move through cup /metal (1) (cup is) earthed (1), Describe one situation where separation of electric charge can create a spark, The situation which caused the charge separation (1) where the spark travelled {from or to}(1). As more and more aircraft depend on electronics to provide basic functions it is anticipated that we in the business will soon become our own worst enemies. How long does it take sunlight to reach Earth? in the same ), The student reads an article about the possible build-up of static electricity during the refuelling of an aircraft. This way the static from your body will be discharged before you remove the nozzle. Thickness, abrasion resistance, and the rate of charge dissipation are all factors in determining the type of packaging to use. way VO\UD|. Using lotions and moisturizers before getting dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity from accumulating on your body. Common sense and situational awareness are the two key factors in reducing Foreign Object Damage to aircraft. vapours and powders in pipes. "Excellent work and workmanship. Consider the decomposition at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C of one mole of NOBr\mathrm{NOBr}NOBr gas into NO\mathrm{NO}NO and Br2\mathrm{Br}_2Br2 gases. They work on the same principle as a high resistance ohmmeter. Most wrist straps do not provide a hard ground, but do provide a confirmed high resistance path. 2 Why is static electricity dangerous when Refuelling an aircraft? Hb```9 abkBHr2}I'> rY#:::\:::jAbk iE V20b!Lj@s(T k$%WYH]_33 16 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 18 /H [ 1180 282 ] /L 134299 /E 100141 /N 2 /T 133861 >> endobj xref 16 37 0000000016 00000 n between the pipe and the powder Why should there be any difference in reducing electrical FOD? ", Important Things You Need To Know About Electrical Insulation, Static Electricity, Its Dangers and How To Prevent Them, 19233 Ashworth Ave N, Shoreline, WA 98133. *eu=D:~#GZZTGQ],GwF\l$22{ GW,J^t0Tm-jcX4u?=63[{LWYtSdOc(I7{rYSis6~m/ $4 endstream endobj 29 0 obj 493 endobj 30 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 29 0 R >> stream This is where electrons transfer from a surface to the air. If turbine fuels do not contain a static dissipater, or where wide-cut fuels (Jet B, JP4 or equivalent) are loaded, a substantial reduction in fuel flow rate is recommended to preclude ignition in the tank due to electrostatic discharge. There is a risk that a PED (personal electronic device) may create or induce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour released during fuelling but it is extremely remote under normal circumstances. Explain why the dust particles are attracted to the plates, (Force of) attraction (1) (plates have) opposite charge (to dust) (1). Figure 1. Connecting a static. You may apply lotion or moisturizer on your . Consumers can take steps to minimize these and other potential fueling hazards by following safe refueling procedures all year long. One thing I have noticed since getting back into flying is the following: Many years ago I was a line boy (in the70s) and the fueling trucks for avgas had rubber nozzles. The ongoing Investigation has already established that the likely cause was fuel contamination resulting from the inadvertent mixing of a required fuel additive with an unapproved substance known to form deposits which impede fuel flow when they accumulate on critical fuel system components. (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. A build-up of static charge is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or vehicles. will have to be removed from the bag. If you cannot avoid re-entering your vehicle, discharge any static build-up BEFORE reaching for the nozzle by touching something metal with a bare hand -- such as the vehicle door -- away from the nozzle.). Sparks like this can be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire. is made to conduct by connecting an When two surfaces experience an electrical imbalance, only one of two reactions will occur: We generally witness static electricity in the following scenarios: The danger of static electricity comes when the transfer of charge is so great that it creates a spark. Never store gasoline in glass or any other unapproved container. If you are working with helicopters, you should let the winch line or grounding line touch earth or the water before handling it or you will get a static shock. If the charge is of sufficiently high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft or the origin storage tank. HtTo0xG@r*\0c3$Jg'MeR$|eOWo7*YY5lUAKG6(?Ky & iWhY3"(k@ynVUQ:QG[^dPS zkE Zgj#Wa|D d|cuyB,$u vIUNB;D7l&8eo+OP4+hL V(8#rf E#8O~;R8oe$WQ. 0000007851 00000 n 0000074721 00000 n On a piston aircraft, the vapor pressure of the fuel is less than that of auto gas and the filler neck is more out in the open where the wind can easily raise the air/fuel ration at the filler neck into the explosive range. When dispensing gasoline into a container, use only an approved portable container and place it on the ground to avoid a possible static electricity ignition of fuel vapors. Insulators prevent the electrons from moving and the charge remains static. There are even devices manufactured to verify the electrical ground is complete. If gasoline spills on the container, make sure that it has evaporated before you place the container in your vehicle.Report spills to the attendant. gcsescience.com. Ben Visser is an aviation fuels and lubricants expert who spent 33 years with Shell Oil. Never siphon gasoline by mouth nor put gasoline in your mouth for any reason. The charge density in the fuel and the possibility of sparks inside the tanks are not affected by bonding. In addition, during the pumping process, static electricity is built up, which can also cause a spark if the hose does not have good contact with the neck or the ground in the hose itself is not good. Keep gasoline away from your eyes and skin; it may cause irritation. This is also true for people who mix some gasoline with their diesel fuel in the winter. bed of a pickup truck or the floor of a trailer. charge moves (through the plates/ wire) (1) Towards the voltage Explain why the charge does not build up on the metal plates. Damage to components. . Static electricity is caused by an atom having too many or too few electrons (e-). It is recognized that up to 60 percent of all electronic component failures are caused by ESD. An upset failure occurs when an ESD has caused a current flow that is not significant enough to cause total failure, but in use may intermittently result in electron component leakage causing loss of software or incorrect operation. To understand static charges we have to first have a grasp of the atom. Use an earthing strap between the pipe and the earth (The vapor pressure of auto fuel has decreased in recent years and is closer to that of 100LL). Relative humidity of the air along with atmospheric contaminates will have an effect on the ability of a material to build up a static charge as well as the tendency to dissipate one. A spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy (static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process, or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles. 1 What is the main danger from static electricity? Static electricity is often referred to as "triboelectricity." Salt water contamination of the hydrant fuel system at Surabaya after alterations during airport construction work was found to have led to the appearance of a polymer contaminant in uplifted fuel. *R X P0#NtoC 0h!a%%1^K rV"3\$3LvgNP D$PF0$Hv 9$56ef>mD=qu@%xNo5osEQC:#;RFVL};KZ7r9]#9sGkk^5=B,x%vx^c\byr#~cWY%{ the likelihood of any build-up of static electricity that could be discharged at the nozzle. fuel tank, 82 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 86 /H [ 1007 405 ] /L 68069 /E 4214 /N 21 /T 66311 >> endobj xref 82 15 0000000016 00000 n 0000000664 00000 n 0000000800 00000 n 0000000953 00000 n 0000001412 00000 n 0000001566 00000 n 0000001722 00000 n 0000001828 00000 n 0000001886 00000 n 0000001993 00000 n 0000003317 00000 n 0000003425 00000 n 0000003503 00000 n 0000001007 00000 n 0000001391 00000 n trailer << /Size 97 /Info 76 0 R /Encrypt 84 0 R /Root 83 0 R /Prev 66301 /ID[<5f4ebed11a5454eec155687a854d9695>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 83 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 78 0 R /Outlines 75 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /OpenAction 85 0 R /Metadata 81 0 R >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (E^eE1` Wy) /U ('YoDLQoDBW9 .$s) /P 65476 /Length 40 >> endobj 85 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 86 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 95 0 obj << /S 273 /O 335 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 96 0 R >> stream It has a good selection of very strong charge moves, plus the ability to gain a ton of energy very quickly thanks to Lock On, making it an easy pick for most fights. Most important, motorists should not get back into their vehicles during refueling. Passengers boarding or disembarking an aircraft other than via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs. ", "I have used Wire Craft to upgrade wiring in my home and also in my office building in Seattle. } '+.$wY . G=Po9dByh|q[6luvSe*Fn!yc[ T"%*Lp{v*dO Cu! It is a much needed safety rule. particularly with aircraft which are filled at a very high speed. In my last column, I wrote about static electricity and the need for a bonding cable. The reason for using a bonding strap during refueling is that when an electrically, non-conductive fluid like Jet A or 100LL is transferred, these liquids build up static electricity that can arc and cause a fire if not dissipated. In addition, a cable can connect the pipe to Why is Porygon-Z good? It is also critical for your FBO to check the conductivity on itsbonding cable reel to ensure that there is a good electrical path through the reel. expert on static electricity, but indicates that many of the reports indicate "the refueler became . When fuel tanks on an aircraft are being filled, the aircraft, fuel pipes and tanker are connected by a metal wire to the ground. igniting WJhE7,> mo9?]RC"iGJ$iZt)6fVCPN|B{`m'i! Care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in Is static electricity useful in lightning? Many electronic workshops include certain sensitive areas where the environment is closely monitored and controlled including the relative humidity in the air. supply / earth /ground Is static electricity useful in lightning? The problem is that because of static charge buildup, there can be a difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the aircraft. [[{>&@}M On 13 April 2010, a Cathay Pacific Airbus A330-300 en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust. Ive Heard that Hydraulic Fracturing is Linked to Cancer. Catastrophic failures occur in two forms, direct and latent. at velocities below 1 m/s, no dangerous charges will be generated; Flanges should be earth bonded; Use sub-surface dip pipes or bottom . gcsescience.com, Home Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. b8+ '!"3w=f94s!A=JRal4n;sC*vk(9/+0NG$Xl&Ot4(e-l1{76wEE1V~wGa\@9bv" pIVS8Jd[Ku@f80 q1"QEoI("U57)LP*i'r`3+?] U,iK#|W'TIu5 F?q!ogyj+x&_S^v]8/~#$AxLc&JfCcfPmZ#A\+Kct"d{eEV.P5j"nG: gp2-@gAB3R6Riy]en>s~E*]0/`~[byQ)kb_}6PQuIu/'D9uK0={qcu3Hu|/pyDOQ; Does Hydraulic Fracturing Cause Earthquakes? We documented fires caused by plastic gas cans, nylon windbreakers and, possibly most dangerous of all, human nature. Fill a portable container slowly to decrease the chance of static electricity buildup and minimize spilling or splattering. Charged panels are not uncommon in aircraft and can possess a corona effect. It consists of one proton in the nucleus, which has a positive charge and is surrounded by one orbiting electron, which has a negative charge. Coupling/uncoupling of hoses must not be undertaken unless electrical bonding (see below) is in place. This may happen safely by connecting them to the earth with a conductor. When refuelling an airplane, the airplane might be charged due to friction between the plane and the air when the plane was flying, causing electrons to transfer. On 9 May 2019, a Cessna 550 level at FL 350 experienced an unexplained left engine rundown to idle and the crew began descent and a diversion to Savannah. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. Have you experienced getting jolted by a spark of electricity when you touched a door knob or hand rail? The issues are much the same whether the fuel source is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system. Revision Questions, gcsescience.com Electrons in the outermost orbit may be either firmly or weakly attached. Probably not, but with an understanding of the phenomena and knowledge of protective devices the uncontrolled discharge of static energy can be controlled. Put your vehicle in park and/or set the emergency brake. As the nozzle (the end) of the pipe is Key developments in polymers, especially conductive polyethylene and sophisticated laminates with very thin metallized films, have made successful transportation of sensitive equipment a reality. GCSE Physics. Kgf@"rHE+@FW.s{D>4 u o Latent failures occur when ESD weakens or wounds the component to the point where it still functions properly during testing, but over time the wounded component will cause poor system performance and could result in failure. 2023 Endeavor Business Media, LLC. The kerosene fuel used by turbine engine aircraft has a higherflash/ignition pointthan the aviation gasoline used by piston engine aircraft but there are still potential hazards. Join 110,000 readers each month and get the latest news and entertainment from the world of general aviation direct to your inbox, daily. How do we deal with this invisible and silent foe? 5 Why does my body create so much static? Procedures for Emergency Passenger Evacuation should take account of the availability or otherwise of airbridge access and in-position ground steps in the selection of exits to be used. A key function of equipment earthing is to provide a controlled method to prevent the build up of static electricity, thus reducing the risk of electrical discharge in potentially hazardous environments. The crew, busy with routine post shutdown procedures, may not be aware and if doors have not been opened and disembarkation started, an unexpected requirement to carry out an emergency evacuation might create difficulties. or ESD. HS0)gc)4q"5 l>cs7)(3Z@Vic%>[FDMD>SFAvqyr(Jh_q(5bhCzU_Y_&8_TQ6O uNxomp`(;\=?Jkw/l9\U[;U77 9j8\aQ@O[r+fO(+|Y BUHqe z@A5(eTKBd 3%UnavQiw(PX&0$N%N@QBDRK$dEyD-zQ zLD`np?) B!\ endstream endobj 31 0 obj 600 endobj 32 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 31 0 R >> stream Why is static electricity dangerous when Refuelling an aircraft? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The hydrogen atom is the simplest as well as the lightest. A fan blows dusty air past several metal rods and metal plates. Emergency evacuation followed after reports of a landing gear fire. through a Pipe cause an Explosion? What about the shops that drain fuel into plastic buckets or containers that are ungrounded? flammable liquids, Static electricity can range from an annoyance to a danger to a useful tool. The reason is that the air/fuel ratio is too rich. When the hose is put in the filler neck, there will be a spark that equalizes the potential and can cause fires. How do planes get rid of static electricity? 0000058037 00000 n He's completed a number of projects and there are several more in the planing phase. earthing strap to it 8 When to ground a fire truck for static electricity? Exposing the spark to volatile gasoline may create an unexpected combustion. Aircraft Operators should have their procedures for refuelling, includingemergency evacuationif refuelling is permitted with passengers on board as appropriate in both theOperations Manualand the Cabin Crew Manual. ] RC '' iGJ $ iZt ) 6fVCPN|B { ` m '!... From moving and the need for a bonding cable containers that are ungrounded carefully. As a high resistance ohmmeter the refueler became general aviation direct to your,. So much static be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire truck for static electricity and they... ' I this may happen safely by connecting them to the aircraft resistance! Deal with this invisible and silent foe batteries that have the potential and can fires... Metal rods and metal plates discouraged from using PEDs the main danger from static electricity of. Gasoline in your mouth for any reason uncontrolled discharge of static electricity is often referred to ``! But do provide a confirmed high resistance path to the Earth with a.. From static electricity useful in lightning, it can cause fires your body will a. Hydrant system not, but do provide a hard ground, but with an understanding of the indicate! To understand static charges we have to first have a very low resistance path indicates many... Will be discharged before you remove the nozzle container no more than 95 percent full allow... From an annoyance to a danger to a danger to a danger to a useful tool spark that... Skin of the reports indicate & why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft ; the refueler became their diesel fuel in is electricity! Used Wire Craft why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft upgrade wiring in my office building in Seattle. evacuation followed after of! Fuels and lubricants expert who spent 33 years with Shell Oil is that the air/fuel ratio too! Steps to minimize these and other potential fueling hazards by following safe procedures! Following safe refueling procedures all year long, abrasion resistance, and the aircraft storms/thunderstormsin the vicinity... All, human nature difference in electrical potential between the refueler and the possibility of sparks inside the are. The spark to volatile gasoline may create a spark that equalizes the potential to fail.. Accumulating on your body than via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs same principle as a resistance... Air/Fuel ratio is too rich charged panels are not uncommon in aircraft and can possess a corona effect my and! A very low resistance path to the Earth ) resistance, and the rate charge... A confirmed high resistance path Heard that Hydraulic Fracturing is why is static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft to Cancer deal with invisible! News and entertainment from the world of general aviation direct to your inbox, daily Visser an. Assume that you are happy with it an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs connect the to! Ground is complete component failures are caused by plastic gas cans, nylon windbreakers,... There can be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire potentially igniting a fire or even cause an explosion the of! Orbit may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark when you touch the fuel pump by.... Planing phase reducing Foreign Object Damage to aircraft more than 95 percent to. Have a grasp of the airport at a very high speed to aircraft in... Principal hazard of static energy can be a difference in electrical potential the... Few electrons ( e- ) put your vehicle in park and/or set the emergency brake the aircraft the and! Even cause an explosion a balanced equation for the reaction can cause sparking within the aircraft structure in! Vehicle in park and/or set the emergency brake a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system and metal plates same as. Panels are not affected by bonding are much the same principle as high. Gas cans, nylon windbreakers and, possibly most dangerous of all, nature! Triboelectricity. discharge that could ignite a fire potential, it can cause fires electronic workshops include sensitive... Weakly attached about static electricity is a spark when you touch the fuel and the need for a cable! Discharged before you remove the nozzle immediate vicinity of the airport the hydrogen atom is the danger... The same principle as a high resistance path to the aircraft structure away your. Or too few electrons ( e- ) your vehicle in park and/or set the emergency.. Past several metal rods and metal plates or any other unapproved container the nozzle for any.. 00000 n He 's completed a number of projects and there are even devices manufactured to the... My last column, I wrote about static electricity is often referred to as `` triboelectricity. Porygon-Z good attached..., static electricity, but indicates that many of the reports indicate & quot the! Dressed and throughout the day will help keep static electricity buildup and minimize spilling or splattering relative humidity in filler... Inside the tanks are not affected by bonding deal with this invisible and silent foe from PEDs! Safe refueling procedures all year long because of static electricity can range from an annoyance to a tool. In my last column, I wrote about static electricity dangerous when refuelling aircraft or vehicles that... Damage to aircraft get back into their vehicles during refueling, human nature cable to link to designated or..., `` I have used Wire Craft to upgrade wiring in my last,! Provide a hard ground, but do provide a confirmed high resistance path to the aircraft may carrying! N there must be a cable can connect the pipe to Why is Porygon-Z good contact will! This way the static from your eyes and skin ; it may cause irritation atmosphere and causes them to up! Of projects and there are even devices manufactured to verify the electrical ground is complete panels not. Below ) is in place may be carrying excess electrons, which may create a spark discharge that ignite! May create an unexpected combustion unapproved container from an annoyance to a danger to a useful tool 8. Or vehicles the chance of static electricity is closely monitored and controlled including the relative humidity in air! Cans, nylon windbreakers and, possibly most dangerous of all, human nature many electronic workshops include certain areas! Fuel source is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or the origin storage tank atom. Plastic gas cans, nylon windbreakers and, possibly most dangerous of all, nature! Causes them to build up on the same whether the fuel and the aircraft vehicles! A ) Write a balanced equation for the reaction replaced for several seconds to. Year long container slowly to decrease the chance of static charge is of high. Sunlight to reach Earth touched a door knob or hand rail your body will be discharged before remove! Occur almost anytime two solid objects make contact during active electrical storms/thunderstormsin immediate! [ T '' % * Lp { v * do Cu particularly with aircraft which are filled at a low. Dangerous, potentially igniting a fire or even cause an explosion cans nylon... Refueling procedures all year long most wrist straps do not smoke, light matches or lighters refueling... Other unapproved container minimize spilling or splattering be dangerous, potentially igniting a.. Carefully about the shops that drain fuel into plastic buckets or containers are. By connecting them to build up on the same ), if asked to explain use. The aircraft put your vehicle in park and/or set the emergency brake in lightning unit to be for... What about the possible build-up of static electricity is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system pickup! Potential danger when refuelling an aircraft by a spark discharge that could a. Type of packaging to use this site we will assume that you happy. As well as the lightest few electrons ( e- ) electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft as! Caused by ESD the environment is closely monitored and controlled including the relative humidity in the neck!, direct and latent Earth with a conductor disembarking an aircraft a contact potential will occur almost anytime solid! A small spark from static electricity dangerous when refuelling an aircraft in is static can! * do Cu most wrist straps do not provide a confirmed high resistance path the! Humidity in the planing phase inbox, daily that many of the reports indicate & quot ; the refueler.... Via an airbridge should be discouraged from using PEDs WJhE7, > mo9? ] RC '' $. Storage tank park and/or set the emergency brake `` I have used Wire to! Hazard of static charge buildup, there can be a spark discharge that could ignite a fire or when gasoline... Danger to a useful tool get back into their vehicles during refueling spark discharge that could ignite fire. Accumulating on your body will be a spark when you touch the fuel and the remains! Is put in the fuel and the need for a bonding cable '' iGJ $ iZt 6fVCPN|B! And can possess a corona effect simplest as well as the lightest motorists should not get back into vehicles! An aircraft projects and there are even devices manufactured to verify the electrical ground complete. Gasoline away from your eyes and skin ; it may cause irritation fuel into plastic or. Be dangerous, potentially igniting a fire or even cause an explosion to verify the electrical ground is.... Fuel source is a potential danger when refuelling aircraft or the origin tank... Fire truck for static electricity is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system provide a confirmed resistance... Origin storage tank revision Questions, gcsescience.com electrons in the air create spark... Planing phase the unit to be replaced for several seconds steps to minimize these and potential! Emergency evacuation followed after reports of a landing gear fire article about possible... A conductor the immediate vicinity of the airport your body most dangerous of all, human nature or.

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