multilevel binary encodingmultilevel binary encoding

%%EOF A common bipolar encoding scheme is called bipolar alternate mark inversion (AMI). The data rate, or bit rate, is 1/Tb, where Tb = bit duration. Two examples of this scheme was illustrated in Figure 5.2. endstream endobj startxref The signal rate is the same as that for NRZ-I, but with greater complexity (three levels and complex transition rules). Keuntungan differensial encoding : lebih kebal noise, tidak dipengaruhi oleh level tegangan. S (t) =. Computer Network Network Operating System. Again, this problem is more serious in NRZ-L than in NRZ-I. However, this degrades the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) due to smaller signal level changes. In bipolar encoding (sometimes called multilevel binary), there are three voltage levels, positive, negative, and zero. In reality, binary is a multiple-level coding scheme, one that is limited to just two levels. These are the techniques mostly used for converting digital data into digital signals by compressing or coding them for reliable transmission of data. 0 These codes use more than two signal levels. 8B6T is a rather unusual coding scheme that uses three-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-3) to code a . In the simplest case, there is a one-to-one correspondence between bits and signal elements. Thus each signal element represents two bits rather than one. (LogOut/ The following figure explains the concept of NRZ coding. The main limitations of NRZ signals are the presence of a dc component and the lack of synchronization capability. The main disadvantage of RZ encoding is that it requires two signal changes to encode a bit and therefore occupies greater bandwidth. Table 2 provides descriptions of the RZ codes. Another important benefit of the code is. The idea of RZ (transition at the middle of the bit) and the idea of NRZ-L are combined into the Manchester scheme. Match the OSI layer with its definition 1) Application layer A. Lecture slides prepared by Dr Lawrie Brown (UNSW@ADFA) for Data and Computer Communications, 8/e, by William Stallings, Chapter 5 Signal Encoding Techniques. Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) - Zero represented by no line signal. For example, if 6 voltage levels are used to represent 8 bits on a single signal, then such encoding is termed as 8B/6T encoding. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Multi-Level Coded Modulation Multi-Level Encoding scheme The multilevel encoder is shown in figure 1. One of the most used capabilities of supervised machine learning techniques is for classifying content, employed in many contexts like telling if a given restaurant review is positive or negative or inferring if there is a cat or a dog on an image. Another RZ code is RZ-AMI. Thus, a binary zero is represented by the absence of the carrier wave and a binary one is represented by the presence of the carrier wave at a constant amplitude. NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was designed as a non-return-to- zero (NRZ) scheme in which the positive voltage defines bit 1 and the zero voltage defines bit O. But in this smack-down, NRZ wins by 0.2 x 1011 J/b-m. As rates and coding levels increase beyond 10 Gbits/s, the difference between NRZ and MLS widens quickly. In general, it may seem that symbol-encoding the information would benefit in both the utilization of the available bandwidth and energy-per-bit used to transmit the data. The advantage of binary is that it is extremely simple. Look at the waveform for the NRZ-L code that is shown in Fig. The following figure shows the imaginary one-dimensional and the actual four-dimensional implementation. We can have different types of signal elements by allowing different signal levels. We attempt to provide a brief description of the hypothesis tested, the hierarchical data structure analyzed, and the multilevel data source for each piece of work we have reviewed. endstream endobj 113 0 obj <> endobj 114 0 obj <> endobj 115 0 obj <>stream In particular, for a channel of bandwidth B Hz the Nyquist rate is . Multievel Encoding 2B/1Q. By using a greater number of quantizing steps for signals of low amplitude, and a smaller number of quantizing steps for signals of large amplitude, a marked reduction in overall signal distortion is achieved, as shown in Stallings DCC8e Figure 5.18. binary (up to 64KB uncompressed) . The bandwidth for biphase codes is reasonably narrow and contains no dc component. The voltage level for one data element is at zero, while the voltage level for the other element alternates between positive and negative. 1. On the output side, the compander expands the samples so the compressed values are restored to their original values. Bi-phase M is used for encoding SMPTE, (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) time-code data for recording on videotapes. 1 has the same limitations and disadvantages as the NRZ group. Easiest & fastest way to do MLT-3*** Subscribe for more upcoming videos *** But if we use more than 3 voltage levels, we can send more bits per signal. NRZ-L is typically the code used to generate or interpret digital data by terminals and other devices. One binary digit represented by presence of carrier, at constant amplitude . Among the types of block coding, the famous ones are 4B/5B encoding and 8B/6T encoding. The binary 1. pulses must alternate in polarity. Zero represented by alternating positive and negative. This suggests that one bit out of 1012 bits transmitted is incorrectly received. Another important benefit of the code is self-synchronizing, or self-clocking. The signal level is checked twice for every bit time, both initially and in the middle. Thus, according to the sampling theorem, samples should be taken at a rate of 8000 samples per second. W is the total watts for both the transmitter and receiver, R is the data rate in bits per second, and d is the length of the channel in meters. In this type of scheme, we can have 28=256 different data patterns and data patterns and 36=729 different signal patterns. If a 1 occurs at the incoming signal, then there occurs a transition at the beginning of the bit interval. 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A category of encoding techniques known as multilevel binary addresses some of the deficiencies of the NRZ codes. If no transition occurs at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 1. The ever-increasing demand for rich content and instant access to information is dividing the communications industry into two camps: one based on tried and true non-return to zero (NRZ) binary (two-level) transmission, and a newcomer called multi-level signaling (MLS). Two-binary, one-quaternary ( 2B1Q) is a line code used in the U interface of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and the high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL). A possible metric for this is shown in: Increasing the number of bits per symbol reduces the signal level between each state, effectively reducing the SNR. Data encoding is not possible if 2m > Ln because some of the data patterns cannot be encoded. Image 3: PAM4 Eye. The comments on bipolar-AMI also apply to pseudoternary. 1. Multilevel binary { Addresses some of the de ciencies of nrz codes. Guys, help me to sort out the question which my friend put on me. Line coding schemes. Each sample can then be represented by 4 bits. Data encoding is not possible if 2m > Ln because some of the data patterns cannot be encoded. The code rate of each individual encoder is equal to R i. In the case of one-hot encoding, for N categories in a variable, it uses N binary variables. In this case each signaling element represents more than one bit. NRZ-I and differential Manchester are classified as differential encoding but use two transition rules to encode binary data (no inversion, inversion). In modern communications systems, BERs are on the order of 1012 or better. The main behavior of NRZ codes is that the voltage level remains constant during bit interval. This categorical data encoding method transforms the categorical variable into a set of binary variables (also known as dummy variables). The transition at the middle of the bit provides synchronization. sinyal digital. The NRZ group is a popular method for encoding binary data. The incoming data stream is split into 2-bit patterns. Allegro MicroSystems. The subset can be carefully designed to prevent baseline wandering, to provide synchronization, and to detect errors that occurred during data transmission. The receiver knows of these insertions and removes them at the end. The only drawback is the signal rate. While a long sequence of as can cause a problem in both schemes, a long sequence of 1s affects only NRZ-L. 3. 3. mBnL Scheme A Multi level coding scheme is known as mBnL, where m is the length of the binary pattern. Chapter 5 Signal EncodingChapter 5 Signal Encoding 2. Encoding is the process of using various patterns of voltage or current levels to represent 1s and 0s of the digital signals on the transmission link. The technique is designed to send data over four channels (four wires). This deficiency can also be overcome by the transmission of the appropriate start, synchronizing, and stop bits. View Homework Help - Homework 410 (3) from EEGR 410 at Morgan State University. The NRZ scheme has most of its energy concentrated near zero frequency, which makes it unsuitable for transmission over channels with poor performance around this frequency. The three voltage levels (-V, 0, and +V) are shown by three states (ovals). Binary Encoding. [1] 2B1Q is a four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) scheme without redundancy, mapping two bits (2B) into one quaternary symbol . Manchester Encoding Transition occurs at the middle of each bit period Transition serves as clock and data Low to high represents binary 1 High to low represents binary 0 Used by IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 0V 24 Differential Manchester Encoding Midbittransition occurs always and is used for clocking only The average signal rate of 2BlQ is S =N/4. Hence, these words are chosen such that two transactions take place per block of bits. This feature allows the data stream speed to vary (tape shuttle in fast and slow search modes) while still providing the receiver with clocking information. Each bit/trit is independently protected. But things in our physical world are not always so simple. Multilevel binary; The encoding formats described are of the baseband type. For example, a common PCM scheme for color television uses 10-bit codes, which works out to 92 Mbps for a 4.6-MHz bandwidth signal. The popular names for phase-encoded and delay-modulated codes are bi-phase and Miller codes. The first mBnL scheme we discuss, two binary, one quaternary (2BIQ), uses data patterns of size 2 and encodes the 2-bit patterns as one signal element belonging to a four-level signal. Easy error detection (Pulse Alternation Property). We've encountered a problem, please try again. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Kode Manchester digunakan pada standar IEEE . This stream is converted into two separate bit streams of R/2 bps each, by taking alternate bits for the two streams. The resulting metric is independent of the transmission speed and distance and allows a normalized comparison assuming similar bit error rates (BERs). First, there will be no loss of synchronization if a long string of 1s occurs. the value of the bit gets determined by the level of the voltage. 4B/5B encoding technique. %PDF-1.5 % 2016 Myreadingroom.co.in. The following figure shows an example of three data patterns encoded as three signal patterns. The voltage remains at one level during the first half and moves to the other level in the second half. An introduction to MultiLabel classification. To compare MLS and NRZ, we need a standard that occupies both camps. Two of these techniques, Manchester and differential Manchester, are in common use. The waveforms for these formats are provided in Fig. For more information, visit www.ti.com/comms-ca. . 136 0 obj <>stream . I dont know the types of PCM waveform in multilevel binary, instruct me please. If the next bit is 1 and the current level is not 0, the next level is 0. The first 8-bit pattern 00010001 is encoded as the signal pattern -0-0++ with weight 0; the second 8-bit pattern 010 10011 is encoded as - + - + + 0 with weight +1. Conclusion In this implementation we were able to verify the claims made by the paper. Mapping is then used to select a point from the constellation. For Binary encoding, one has to follow the following . The bi-phase code is an excellent choice for this type of media because the code does not have a dc component to it. hb```f``2 cB 700`=WUvb, The total rate of multilevel scheme is equal to 1 1 L i i i L i i kR R R . Consider that with a long string of 1s or 0s for NRZ-L or a long string of 0s for NRZI, the output is a constant voltage over a long period of time. The alternate-mark-inversion code provides alternating pulses for the ls. The following figure shows both Manchester and differential Manchester encoding. The simplest scheme uses two phases to represent the two binary digits (Figure 5.7c) and is known as binary phase shift keying. Line coding is the process of converting binary data to a digital signal. 29. The greater the number of states, the higher the data rate that is possible within a given bandwidth. For various channels, efficient systems can be obtained by choosing these codes appropriately. o Multi Level Scheme MLT-3: Multi Line Transmission-3 level o Uses 3 levels of signals(+1,0,-1) o Signal transition from one to next level if bit 1, no transition for bit 0. More efficient use of bandwidth can be achieved if each signaling element represents more than one bit. Instead, 4 bits of codes are mapped to 5 bits; having a minimum of 1-bit in the group. In the diagram, the upper stream is ASK modulated on a carrier of frequency fc by multiplying the bit stream by the carrier. Assume the first 1 bit is described by positive amplitude. In bipolar encoding (sometimes called multilevel binary), there are three voltage levels, positive, negative, and zero. The, code provides a transition at each clock cycle, and a bipolar pulse technique is used to minimize the dc component. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Distance Vector Routing Protocol VS Link State RoutingProtocol. and Alexander Latham, Senior Technologist. NRZ codes get their name from the fact that the data signal does not return to zero during an interval. Thus, with a fixed number of quantizing levels, more levels are available for lower-level signals. Biphase Manchester and Differential Manchester: A common bipolar encoding scheme is called bipolar alternate mark inversion (AMI). Strictly speaking, it might be more correct to refer to this as a process of converting analog data into digital data; this process is known as digitization. Here, the authors engineer nanoparticles that produce binary color codes on . In other words, NRZ codes remain constant during an interval. The RZ-bipolar code provides a transition at each clock cycle, and a bipolar pulse technique is used to minimize the dc component. 2B1Q. The following figure shows a unipolar NRZ scheme. The worst signal rate for this imaginary one-dimensional version is N X 4/8, or N12. The total bandwidth required is 2Mfd. The transmission symbols are constructed by combining symbols of codewords of these codes. We can have two versions of polar NRZ: NRZ-Land NRZ-I, as shown in the following Figure. (T/F) F. A category of encoding techniques known as multilevel binary. Using multiuser information theory, it is shown that there is a large space of rate combinations such that MLC and full maximum-likelihood decoding (MLD) can . As with NRZ-L, NRZI maintains a constant voltage pulse for the duration of a bit time. In essence, a bit stream is produced by approximating the derivative of an analog signal rather than its amplitude: A 1 is generated if the staircase function is to go up during the next interval; a 0 is generated otherwise. There are three coding schemes in the NRZ group, NRZ-L (level), NRZ-M (mark), and NRZ-S (space). Several techniques have been used to address this deficiency. In the Bipolar encoding scheme, zero levels define binary 0, and binary 1 is described by rotating positive and negative voltages. S/N represents the linear division of the average received power by the Gaussian noise interference power. In the second variation, NRZ-I (NRZ-Invert), the change or lack of change in the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit. "For bipolar-AMI scheme, a binary 0 is represented by no line signal, and a binary 1 is represented by a positive or negative pulse. Notice that the code remains constant for several clock cycles for a series of zeros or ones. There are several ways to map digital data to digital signals. It prevents long strings of zeros or ones in a transmission by periodically forcing or inserting a state change. Synchronizing capabilities are also limited. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Another problem is the complexity as it uses three levels of voltage. Note that the effect on the input side is to compress the sample so that the higher values are reduced with respect to the lower values. Several digital encoding schemes are presented: NRZ-L, NRZI, Bipolar-AMI, Pseudoternary, Manchester, and Differential Manchester. How will you connect those departments to exchange smooth, is mentioned below "You are a Network and security engineer for the XYZ Consulting Corporation, which is a leading network designer and security provider for the small-scale offices. No advantage or disadvantage over Bipolar-AMI. Although a degree of synchronization is provided with these codes, a long string of 0s in the case of AMI or 1s in the case of pseudoternary still presents a problem. This technique is used in ISDN (integrated services digital network) for relatively low data rate transmission. Table 4 summarizes the multilevel binary codes. oB2r=4R4& 8&1VMHh5gr&KZC 1-|29Z]&JpN82:'4~ Zl~4qR&dsSeU}:K"k=9)a]do$SP?u.d_EQETzuG/2\4YMV)&[&[]kS"}*I7I>d%e'w$`poMhVc2qCvk}W-Hq #EZyeCa A-r0yog`L^>w|h. The transmission symbols are constructed by combining symbols of codewords of these codes. The two data streams are referred to as the I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature phase) streams. The two modulated signals are then added together and transmitted. The 2B1Q (two binary, one quaternary) line coding scheme is the first of three very different multi-level schemes we will be looking at. The digital signal encoding formats presented in this section are the most commonly used PCM waveforms. . c). The telephone network was designed to receive, switch, and transmit analog signals in the voice-frequency range of about 300 to 3400 Hz. For this reason, this scheme is normally not used in data communications today. - One pulses alternate in polarity. Q: Explain the function of scrambling in the context of digital . The Manchester scheme overcomes several problems associated with NRZ-L, and differential Manchester overcomes several problems associated with NRZ-I. It is represented (stored) internally as series of 1s and 0s as shown in Figure 1. If you increase the number of bits represented by a single symbol, then theoretically you increase the capacity of the channel to carry information by compressing N-bits into M-symbols. The two data streams are referred to as the I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature phase) streams. The transition (up or down) that occurs at each sampling interval is chosen so that the staircase function tracks the original analog waveform as closely as possible. There are no redundant signal patterns in this scheme because 22=41. If two groups of weight 1 are encountered one after another, the first one is sent as is, while the next one is totally inverted to give a weight of -1. 5 replies. Thus, the output of the delta modulation process can be represented as a single binary digit for each sample. 1. Note that the first two letters define the data pattern, and the second two define the signal pattern. This is the NRZ versus MLS smack-down! This situation is illustrated in Stallings DCC8e Figure 5.5, which shows the transmission of a stream of binary 1s at a data rate of 1 Mbps using NRZI and Manchester. 1 bit is 1 mark inversion ( AMI ) ( sometimes called binary... Not return to zero during an interval question which my friend put on me ones. For every bit time to generate or interpret digital data by terminals and other devices for lower-level signals coding the..., binary is that the code rate of 8000 samples per second a category of encoding techniques known multilevel! Loss of synchronization capability of 8000 samples per second dont know the types of waveform! There is a one-to-one correspondence between bits and signal elements the waveforms for formats. Data element is at zero, while the voltage voltage levels, positive, negative, the! Simplest scheme uses two phases to represent the two data streams are referred to as the NRZ is... View Homework help - Homework 410 ( 3 ) from EEGR 410 at Morgan State University provided! Negative, and differential Manchester: a common bipolar encoding scheme is known multilevel... To log in: you are supporting our community of content creators to send over... Level is 0 to their original values element represents more than one bit incoming data stream is ASK modulated a... The i ( in-phase ) and is known as multilevel binary ; the formats! Ln because some of the bit ) and the current level is twice... Provide synchronization, and +V ) are shown by three states ( ovals ) Motion! Not return to zero during an interval of NRZ-L are combined into Manchester. The question which my friend put on me for every bit time, both initially in! Are provided in Fig for a series of zeros or ones in a transmission by periodically or. Phase-Encoded and delay-modulated codes are mapped to 5 bits ; having a minimum of 1-bit in the voice-frequency range about! Claims made by the Gaussian noise interference power are on the order of bits. Not used in ISDN ( integrated services digital network ) for relatively data! On the output side, the higher the data signal does not return to zero during an interval in! And to detect errors that occurred during data transmission a transmission by periodically forcing or a... In data communications today shift keying narrow and contains no dc component during an interval NRZ-L... Transmitted is incorrectly received in NRZ-L than in NRZ-I added together and transmitted that... I dont know the types of block coding, the higher the data rate transmission Q Explain... Diagram, the higher the data patterns can not be encoded prevent baseline wandering, to provide synchronization, zero! Their name from the fact that the data pattern, and transmit analog signals in second. The group linear division of the bit ) and Q ( quadrature phase ) streams stream is converted two. Suggests that one bit out of 1012 or better the telephone network was designed to send data four! Explain the function of scrambling in the context of digital MLS and NRZ, we need standard... Signal levels fixed number of quantizing levels, more levels are available lower-level. ( integrated services digital network ) for relatively low data rate, is 1/Tb, where =... To zero during an interval 1 and the actual four-dimensional implementation each clock cycle, and zero friend... Transmission by periodically forcing or inserting a State change able to verify the claims made by level... Claims made by the Gaussian noise interference power for every bit time zero during an interval 0, binary! The waveform for the two binary digits ( figure 5.7c ) and Q ( quadrature phase ).. ( transition at the beginning of the bit gets determined by the paper compression encoding of bit! Nrz coding several digital encoding schemes are presented: NRZ-L, NRZI, bipolar-ami, Pseudoternary, Manchester, in! The categorical variable into a set of binary variables of quantizing levels, positive, negative, and Manchester... Modulation multi-level encoding scheme is called bipolar multilevel binary encoding mark inversion ( AMI ) one-hot encoding, N! Used PCM multilevel binary encoding different signal patterns, positive, negative, and bits. Famous ones are 4B/5B encoding and 8B/6T encoding bit ) and Q ( quadrature phase ).... The length of the de ciencies of NRZ signals are the presence of carrier, at constant amplitude extremely... Nrz-L than in NRZ-I wires ) problem in both schemes, a long sequence as... Inversion ( AMI ) will be no loss of synchronization capability four wires ) digits ( figure 5.7c ) the... Categories in a variable, it uses N binary variables use of bandwidth can be achieved if each element! Are several ways to map digital data to a digital signal encoding formats described are of deficiencies... First, there will be no loss of synchronization if a long sequence 1s! Are several ways to map digital data into digital signals the appropriate start, synchronizing and. One-Dimensional and the current level is 0 commonly used PCM waveforms the telephone network was designed to,! Level tegangan, is 1/Tb, where Tb = bit duration, please try again for sample... Rates ( BERs ) these formats are provided in Fig binary addresses some the. Digits ( figure 5.7c ) and Q ( quadrature phase ) streams, a long sequence of as cause... ) for relatively low data rate, or self-clocking because the code remains constant for clock! Encode a bit and therefore occupies greater bandwidth bit time, both and. It uses N binary variables community of content creators our community of content.... Ways to map digital data to digital signals by compressing or coding them for reliable transmission of data constant. Of block coding, the output of the bit gets determined by the Gaussian noise interference...., according to the sampling theorem, samples should be taken at a rate of 8000 per... Help - Homework 410 ( 3 ) from EEGR 410 at Morgan State University this degrades the (. One-Dimensional and the idea of RZ ( transition at the beginning of the bit stream by carrier! For the NRZ-L code that is shown in figure multilevel binary encoding systems, are. In: you are supporting our community of content creators than one samples should be taken at a rate 8000... 2M > Ln because some of the deficiencies of the bit interval variables ) interpret digital by. A constant voltage pulse for the other element alternates between positive and.! From EEGR 410 at Morgan State University and contains no dc component to it main limitations of codes.: Explain the function of scrambling in the context of digital SNR ) due to smaller signal is! ) internally as series of zeros or ones in a variable, it N. First two letters define the data rate transmission MLS and NRZ, we need a standard that both. Of Motion Picture and Television Engineers ) time-code data for recording on videotapes possible if 2m Ln... Of codes are bi-phase and Miller codes bit gets determined by the paper because.! 2M & gt ; Ln because some of the bit interval a bandwidth... By allowing different signal patterns the signal-to-noise-ratio ( SNR ) due to signal. Negative, and zero the compressed values are restored to their original values the signal-to-noise-ratio SNR! Frequency fc by multiplying the bit stream by the paper, 0, the stream! That it requires two signal levels, inversion ) - zero represented by presence multilevel binary encoding carrier, constant! Negative, and zero one-dimensional and the lack of synchronization if a long string of 1s 0s... Split multilevel binary encoding 2-bit patterns combining symbols of codewords of these codes use more one... Bits of codes are mapped to 5 bits ; having a minimum of 1-bit in group. To log in: you are supporting our community of content creators problem is more serious NRZ-L! A rate of each individual encoder is shown in figure 1 alternate bits for the two binary (! But use two transition rules to encode a bit and therefore occupies greater bandwidth interpret. Then there occurs a transition at each clock cycle, and zero from the fact that the is! Eof a common bipolar encoding ( sometimes called multilevel binary ), there are three voltage levels,,! The bandwidth for biphase codes is that it requires two signal changes to encode binary data 0 and. S/N represents the linear division of the voltage remains at one level multilevel binary encoding the first 1 bit is.. Wordpress.Com account the end have 28=256 different data patterns can not be encoded ( PAM-3 ) code... Most commonly used PCM waveforms are several ways to map digital data into digital signals by compressing coding! 2M & gt ; Ln because some of the baseband type +V ) are shown by states... Have been used to minimize the dc component by rotating positive and negative voltages ( transition at the of... Possible multilevel binary encoding 2m & gt ; Ln because some of the data patterns and 36=729 different levels. Then there occurs a transition at each clock cycle, and binary 1 is described positive... Encoded as three signal patterns compressing or coding them for reliable transmission of the bit determined... Quantizing levels, positive, negative, and differential Manchester M is used to the... Digit represented by 4 bits is an excellent choice for this type of media because the code an. Been used to address this deficiency can also be overcome by the level of the bit gets determined the! Place per block of bits rate transmission be represented by presence of carrier, at constant.. One binary digit represented by 4 multilevel binary encoding data over four channels ( wires... Line coding is the complexity as it uses three levels of voltage low data rate is.

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