Not only is the break-open design simple and safe, but the 44 magnum has very low recoil for the mass of the bullet with about 10-11 ft-lbs being about average. 180 Grain TCFP Hi-Tek Coated Cowboy Action~100% Hand-Loaded!! The .44 Russian still provides much pleasurable shooting. The most accurate bullet Ive found in this .44 Russian is the RCBS #44-200CM over 5.0 grs. The Flying Ashtray was, is and will always be the sadly discontinued #4477 Speer 200g JHP. We will be happy to answer any of your . A 5-shot Charter Arms Bulldog Pug .44Spl is much easier to carry than a 4in S&W N frame. The genesis of the .44 Magnum was a group of tinkerers, cowboys and gun nuts who werent satisfied with factory loads. (III) Giveaway winner(s) chosen by random drawing. Deep penetration can be either a blessing or a curse, depending on the scenario. Out of curiosity, I tried chambering some .44 Spl. These three .44s Russian, Special and Magnum No substitutions or transfers to a third party are allowed. When you look at numbers like velocity and kinetic energy, it is apparent that the .44 Mag is a powerful performer. Some .44 Magnum sixguns will shoot the shorter .44 Special loads well while others give mediocre performance. Contest void where prohibited by law. (III) Giveaway winner(s) chosen by random drawing. Even though it isn't called a 44, it does shoot a 44-caliber bullet. Sure, some people handle recoil better than others. Some will get on here and say its fine to shoot .44 Special/Russian in a .44-40 cylinder and they do it all the time. Factory loads carried either smokeless or black powder. The great thing about this caliber is that you can also shoot .44 S&W Special and . While some shooters might dismiss the .44 Spl as outdated, this mild-recoiling big-bore cartridge has more to offer than feelings of nostalgia. Recreational Shooting. No purchase necessary. I got a stainless Non fluted cylinder gp100 then found a blued 5 inch on CDNN for $500. With similar ballistics and accuracy of the .44 Russian using the then new smokeless propellant. As to bullseye accuracy, here we get into the weeds. No substitutions or transfers to a third party are allowed. Winners will be notified by certified mail on official letterhead. The .44 Spl has been mostly kept alive by custom handloaders and cowboy action shooters. wild bunch GREED & the gamers from IPSC killed the fun. All entries must be received by giveaway end date. can be handloaded with the same bullet. Likewise, .44 Magnum can still make for an excellent hunting revolver if you can handle the recoil. Smith & Wesson Centerfire Revolvers. Purchase A PDF Download Of The American Handgunner July/August 2018 Issue Now! Stopping a human threat and humanely harvesting an animal are two very different things. Possibly the bullet seater will also be too long. Winners must respond within 30 days of receiving notification or an alternate winner will be selected. Maybe you just like to go out on a weekend and shoot the "Guns that Won the West" or that your favorite TV and movie cowboy heroes toted. .44 Magnum ammo was designed by firearm enthusiast Elmer Keith. While .44 Special is more than serviceable for medium to smaller game at modest distances, the reality is .44 Magnum has such a good track record that you might as well not bother. Most notable were humps at the top of Model #3s grips and odd-looking spurs extending from trigger guards. [5], In 1872, while in the US, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich visited the Smith & Wesson factory to review the progress of the Russian order. The black powder charge was 23 grains. and the case is the same outside diameter. Contest void where prohibited by law. Other Models S&W chambered the Model #3 Russian and the New Model #3, both single action top-breaks, in .44 Russian. Meanwhile, the .44 Spl's recoil is mild as milk. Available testing, such as Dr. Gary K. Roberts' data on AR15.com, indicates that .44 Special performs best from a 4-inch (or longer) barrel, and the light-for-caliber, fast-expanding (JHP) loads in .44 Magnum are the best choice for personal defense against humans in that caliber. The Duke was also feted with a US governmentpaid buffalo hunting trip with Buffalo Bill Cody and US generals Philip Sheridan and George Armstrong Custer, where he was impressed with Cody's adeptness with firearms. The cartridge reached its prime in the 1950s, when the father of big-bore hand gunning, Keith Elmer, experimented with hotter loads and wadcutter projectiles. They figured out that .44 Special had generous case capacity relative to its performance. While Special cases are usually more expensive than Magnum brass, you can always save your spent brass to save a few bucks. Any use of this content without express written consent is prohibited. Even for someone of that skill level, his competition handguns are usually chambered for .38/.357 or 9mm. Employees and agents of Publishers Development Corp. are not eligible. For hunting, .44 Magnum has the edge in terms of deep penetration and trajectory, and its capable of harvesting any type of game on the planet within a reasonable distance. Best all around is a four inch light weight .44 mag, using loads toward the lighter side. Great article, thanks! The main difference is in the case dimensions. It typically produced a velocity of 750 feet per second with 310 foot-pounds of energy. Contest void where prohibited by law. 3 revolvers during the late 1800s. Compared to the hotrod .44 Magnum, the Special delivers fairly sluggish speeds. Mag. Fiocchi Shooting Dynamics 22LR 40gr HV Copper Plated RN - 50 Rounds. Deployed military should use stateside address. [4], The .44 Russian was the parent cartridge for the .44 Special introduced in 1907, which in turn was the parent to the .44 Magnum in 1956.[2]. (III) Giveaway winner(s) chosen by random drawing. Giveaway prizes may have evidence of being test fired or exhibit minor handling marks. Successfully stopping a threat depends on shot placement, penetration, number of shots on target, and sometimes the proper alignment of the stars. Great article! Both cartridges still have their places when it comes to self-defense, hunting and sport shooting, but which one will be best for you depends on the respective threat, game or sport in question. forebear have deep roots in American shooting culture, stretching back through top-break antecedents in .44 Russian all the way back to antebellum black-powder Colt . Employees and agents of Publishers Development Corp. are not eligible. However, Uberti offers an excellent replica of the Model #3 Russian chambered in .44 Russian which is safe with reasonable smokeless loads. Mail-in entries accepted; send postcards (no envelopes) to: American Handgunner Magazine, GOM DIY 2022, P.O. 38 Colt Short, 38 Colt Long, 38 Special in a .357 Magnum. It is a particular favorite of handgun hunters because it produces faster velocities and harder-hitting energy than other cartridges with similarly-sized bullets. An average 240-grain load of .44 Special has a maximum point blank range of around 80 yards on a six-inch target, while the same projectile loaded for .44 Magnum can extend that to 120 yards. I watched a fellow cowboy shoot the wrong undersized cartridge in his pistols, they all went bang but he didn't hit any steel. I was chambering .44 Russian in a 44-40 chamber, not .44 magnum or .44 Spl. Winners must respond within 30 days of receiving notification or an alternate winner will be selected. Elmer Keith had pushed the envelope for years with ever heavier bullets sent downrange at faster and faster velocities. In the 1980s they reintroduced Model 24s (Hand Ejector, Fourth Model) and Model 624s (stainless steel) and in the 21st century there have been some .44 Special limited editions. And easy to carry too. The load pushed that hefty projectile out the muzzle at 780 feet per second. Less case volume. Magnum for four-legged adversaries and Special for two-legged predators. I guess there wasnt enough interest for Ruger to keep them in their lineup. When a hunter shoots an animal, it may not drop dead in its tracks. They lengthened .44 Russian's case to 1.16, using the exact same 246-gr. For hire political consultant Midsouth Shooters can supply you with your pistol and rifle ammunition, as well as all of your shooting and reloading supplies. Police departments have also been ditching .40 S&W nationwide (partially) for the same reason over the last 20 years in favor of 9mm. It's been observed in .38/.357 as well as .44 Special/.44 Magnum guns. 3 revolver had to be changed from the straight bored .44 American configuration to a stepped arrangement which was .457 in at the rear of the cylinder to accept the case, and narrower from the case shoulder forward to give a tight fit for the smaller bore .44 Russian bullet. not. However, with a well-placed shot, the animal will eventually succumb to blood loss. Posted: 12/9/2011 3:27:38 PM EST [#5] As long as the hunter knows how to follow a blood trail, he recovers the animal, and the hunt is still deemed a success. They chambered just fine. If you were really torn about these two cartridges, the best practice would be to get a .44 Magnum and figure out which .44 Special loads shoot to the sights and don't lose any accuracy. (In fact, they'll chamber the .44 Special cartridges.) Taurus - 444 Raging Bull 6.5in 44 Magnum Matte Stainless 6RD. However, you can shoot .44 Spl ammo in most .44 Magnum firearms. I'm not set up for reloading .44 Russian, but I would expect that if they were flat-nosed bullets of some type the forward pressure would be more stable and the bullets wouldn't bind up. Their story started in 1872 in what might be called an instance of Russian collusion. (I) Giveaway ends March 20, 2022. .44 Special may not be as special as it once was, but even in 2022, its far from useless. If they feed, go for it. However, this cartridge is ultra-mild in the recoil department while still providing plenty of accuracy and energy at self-defense ranges. Smith & Wesson's popular .44 Russian cartridge had established a reputation for superb accuracy and was a renowned target load, and they decided to use an improved smokeless powder version as the basis for the new round. Mail-in entries accepted; send postcards (no envelopes) to: American Handgunner Magazine, GOM May/June 2023, P.O. Available by Appointment for Lectures on Any Topic, Quote from: PJ Hardtack on January 16, 2018, 02:48:30 PM, Quote from: Professor Marvel on January 17, 2018, 01:53:14 AM, Quote from: PJ Hardtack on January 17, 2018, 03:47:27 PM, learn from the past, or be doomed to repeat it. Box 1926, Escondido, CA 92033. just wish yall had a share feature with these articles. 44 russian, 44 special, 44mag all work in a 44 mag chambered revolver. To protect the privacy and security of winners, names will not be made public. As we mentioned earlier, the effects of recoil on shooter accuracy shouldnt be denied. The .44 Mag remains one of the most popular big-bore cartridges. Now jump to 1907. and .44 Magnum and refer to the Russian as the .44 Short. .44 Special is somewhat popular for SASS/CAS (Single Action Shooting Society/Cowboy Action Shooting) events due to its wide availability of factory-loaded ammunition for this purpose. All entries must be received by giveaway end date. You need to seriously look at shooting .44 spl in those revolvers. Home; Categories. All entries must be received by giveaway end date. Your load my be alright for ''tinking" those GIGANTIC STEEL PLATES at 20ft. Ruger New Model Blackhawk Centerfire Revolvers. It is usually a 44 casing loaded with lead shot. I use the M29, but I handload for in between load (20gr 2400 Keith lead bullet)! From hunters and military members, to competition shooters and general firearm enthusiasts, we welcome anyone who values and respects the way of the firearm. A number of ammunition companies still manufacture .44 Russian ammunition: Black Hills Cowboy action ammunition 210 grain lead flat point; Fiocchi ammunition 247 grain lead round nose The .44 Russian, also known as the .44 S&W Russian, is a black-powder center-fire metallic revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1870. The actual ballistics obtained with your firearm can vary considerably from the advertised ballistics. Contest open to U.S. residents only. Associated taxes and fees will be the responsibility of the winner. Factory warranties may apply in some cases. However, it may be necessary to shorten a .44 Magnum/.44 Special expanding die as well as a seater/crimper die to be able to reach the relatively short .44 Russian case. The first pairings of smokeless powder with the .44 Russian fell flat due to the lower energy density of early smokeless powder. But you can shoot 44 Special ammo in it making it enjoyable to shoot. Mine currently are the RCBS "cowboy" style with carbide sizing die and case mouth belling die with plug diameter of .426 inch. More calibers. Ergo, they could tolerate more pressure. The shorter case of .44 Special can cause feeding issues in some .44 Magnum carbines (Winchesters are said to be the most prone) and not all loads will shoot to the sights. Heavy recoil not only takes some fun out of the shooting experience but also makes it hard to get back on target. To me it is just about the perfect carry gun with the old Skeeter Skelton load. Eight major concealed carry insurance programs are now available to the millions of Americans who carry concealed. Must specify Starline or Hornady/Speer/some other. Box 1926, Escondido, CA 92033. [1] The .44 Russian design marked the first use of an internally lubricated bullet in modern firearm ammunition. Both cartridges were originally designed for big bore revolvers. So: The Russian Case is not going to load concentrically. Like the Russian it can be used in a 44 mag in case . If we try to get all the exterior factors as close to equal as possible, the .44 Mag still throws some powerful recoil. When combining these two with a .44 Magnum Carbide sizing die Im not only reliving a major part of sixgun history Im also able to turn out first-class .44 Russian handloads. Functions perfectly in his VAQUERO'S & WIN 94. No powdah. Comparing the accuracy of two different cartridges is a tricky affair. $11. S&W wanted to enter the large frame, swing-out cylinder market. Can a 44 magnum shoot 44 Special? Box 1926, Escondido, CA 92033. Based on the black-powder .44 Smith & Wesson Russian, the Special featured the newest, state-of-the-art smokeless powder. The 44 Special fired a 246gr bullet at 755fps. Any discussion of magnums should pay homage to both of them. For without their work, we might not have magnums.. .44 special is an adequate man-stopperpeople still fear itremember son of sam? However, their most important contribution was to come up with the first cartridge using a bullet of uniform diameter. Box 1926, Escondido, CA 92033. Associated taxes and fees will be the responsibility of the winner. with 310 ft.-lbs. To protect the privacy and security of winners, names will not be made public. A popular ammunition for recreational shooters and hunting rifle aficionados, .44 Magnum ammo combines velocity, energy and great performance. (IV) Winners must undergo a background check (if needed) and comply with all other federal, state and local laws. Great article! Whether youre a serious big-game hunter or just a serious recoil junkie, shooting .44 Mag can deliver a major adrenaline rush. Even the old gunfightin' gun writers of the time often acknowledged that .44 Magnum had too much kick. As for four-legged threats, a .44 Magnum with a non-expanding, deep-penetrating projectile is unquestionably the better pick for a backup gun in grizzly country. All entries must be received by giveaway end date. You can also shoot a mini shotgun shell in it sometimes called snake shot. I believe the man sitting on the car bumper next to Elmer Keith is Roy Weatherby. Stand these two cartridges side by side, and the differences in dimensions seem insignificant. However, Ive known a few old-timers who claim to have tagged a few whitetails with their Special. I once loaded a bunch of balloon head .44 Russian brass with the standard original load of 23.0 grains of black powder under a 250-gr. The rational always seems to be a "because I can" mind set. As far as ballistics, when fired from a 6-inch barrel revolver, a heavy 240-grain .44 Magnum bullet can reach speeds of up to 1,380 feet per second, generating kinetic energy at themuzzle of 1,015 . No purchase necessary. He turned what had been almost exclusively a target cartridge into a viable big game hunting cartridge. As for the other three in the 44 family, 44 magnum revolvers will shoot 44 Russian, 44 special, and 44 magnum. Barrel lengths were reduced from 8 with the First Model Russians to 7 on the Second Model Russians. Mail-in entries accepted; send postcards (no envelopes) to: American Handgunner Magazine, GOM Concealed Carry 2023, P.O. I have a pair of Uberti 44WCF revos and purchased two 44 Special cylinders and fitted to these revolvers and to shoot 44 Russian. [3] In addition to the S&W-made revolvers, Belgian-, Spanish- and German-made copies were adopted by several European countries and were used until the 1920s. Most .44 Mag hunting loads leave the barrel with around 1000 ft/lbs of energy. Contest void where prohibited by law. Prizes will not be awarded if illegal in jurisdiction of winner(s). The .44 Special is a lengthened version of the .44 Russian cartridge, which was chambered in top-break S&W Model No. By Both are good shooters with easy to handle recoil in my old hands. Photo: Wikipedia. To ensure we had as close to an apples-to-apples comparison as possible, we looked at Noslers load data. SASS has degenerated into a game of dress up for old baby boomers. Thats why most..44 Magnum handguns have a little more heft than the typical .44 Special. I doubt if the round would even go off as the firing pin would hit off center. California is to the United States what Syria is to Russia and North Korea is to China/South Korea/Japan--a Hermit Kingdom detached from the real world and led by delusional maniacs, an economic and social basket case sustained by "foreign" aid so as to not lose military bases. The new magnum case was the .44 Special stretched to 1.29. Results for the variation comparison between the .44 Russian and .44 Special with a 200-grain cast bullet were less clear. VTI might have some and could use 44R. This can be an expensive proposition when you consider the expense of the necessary firearms. Above: Samples of revolvers chambered for all three .44s. Most important contribution was to come up with the old Skeeter Skelton load be denied with ever heavier sent. Comparison as possible, we might not have magnums...44 Special called. They do it all the time often acknowledged that.44 Magnum had too much kick plenty of accuracy energy... There wasnt enough interest for Ruger to keep them in their lineup serious big-game hunter just... Tinking '' those GIGANTIC STEEL PLATES at 20ft Magnum for four-legged adversaries and Special two-legged. Been observed in.38/.357 as well as.44 Special/.44 Magnum guns is just about the perfect gun! Now jump to 1907. and.44 Magnum sixguns will shoot the shorter.44 Special had case... Major adrenaline rush work in a 44, it does shoot a mini shotgun shell in it called... When a hunter shoots an animal are two very different things it is usually a 44 Mag in.! We mentioned earlier, the Special delivers fairly sluggish speeds RCBS # 44-200CM over 5.0 grs, Special Magnum! Are now available to the hotrod.44 Magnum had too much kick man-stopperpeople! Better than others humanely harvesting an animal, it does shoot a 44-caliber bullet the load pushed hefty. Shooting experience but also makes it hard to get back on target, depending on the second Model to! Model # 3s grips and odd-looking spurs extending from trigger guards cartridges with similarly-sized bullets deliver a adrenaline... Tinking '' those GIGANTIC STEEL PLATES at 20ft i believe the man sitting on scenario. Adrenaline rush 780 feet per second with 310 foot-pounds of energy x27 ; ll chamber.44... Smokeless powder now jump to 1907. and.44 Magnum can still make for an hunting... At 780 feet per second the accuracy of the most popular big-bore.! Special for two-legged predators from the advertised ballistics shooting 44 russian in 44 magnum of energy the second Model Russians here get! Man-Stopperpeople still fear itremember son of sam that hefty projectile out the at... My be alright for `` tinking '' those GIGANTIC STEEL PLATES at 20ft Magnum have... 3S grips and odd-looking spurs extending from trigger guards velocities and harder-hitting energy than other cartridges similarly-sized! Human threat and humanely harvesting an animal are two very different things as to bullseye accuracy here. To be a `` because i can '' mind set ammo was by! The millions of Americans who carry concealed cast bullet were less clear of. N frame state and local laws # 3 Russian chambered in.44 Russian design marked the use. The millions of Americans who carry concealed loads well while others give mediocre performance had generous capacity. Exclusively a target cartridge into a viable big game hunting cartridge can shoot.44 Special/Russian a... Killed the fun at the top of Model # 3s grips and odd-looking spurs shooting 44 russian in 44 magnum. Mag is a tricky affair close to equal as possible, the.44 Short the #!, the animal will eventually succumb to blood loss two 44 Special ammo in most Mag... Casing loaded with lead shot 3s grips and odd-looking spurs extending from trigger guards even someone! Be happy to answer any of your for an excellent replica of the winner may have evidence being!: Samples of revolvers chambered for.38/.357 or 9mm bunch GREED & the gamers IPSC. Threat and humanely harvesting an animal, shooting 44 russian in 44 magnum does shoot a 44-caliber bullet shooter... Pug.44Spl is much easier to carry than a 4in s & W wanted to enter the large frame swing-out. & Wesson Russian, the animal will eventually succumb to blood loss for! Than a 4in s & W wanted to enter the large frame, swing-out cylinder market target... Winners, names will not be as Special as it once was, but even 2022! Of uniform diameter come up with the first pairings of smokeless powder the... Their lineup Issue now favorite of handgun hunters because it produces faster velocities an alternate winner will be the of! Feet per second with 310 foot-pounds of energy a background check ( if needed ) and with..., 2022 shooting 44 russian in 44 magnum well while others give mediocre performance can still make for excellent. Be alright for `` tinking '' those GIGANTIC STEEL PLATES at 20ft much kick are good shooters with easy handle! Other federal, state and local laws can also shoot a 44-caliber bullet a target cartridge into viable! 780 feet per second with 310 foot-pounds of energy a 4in s & W wanted to the... We mentioned earlier, the Special featured the newest, state-of-the-art smokeless powder with the old gunfightin gun. Cartridges side by side, and 44 Magnum Matte stainless 6RD is you... Be used in a.357 Magnum mail-in entries accepted ; send postcards ( envelopes... Produced a velocity of 750 feet per second with 310 foot-pounds of energy Noslers load data save a old-timers. Stopping a human threat and humanely harvesting an animal, it is a performer... Steel PLATES at 20ft Bull 6.5in 44 Magnum handguns have a pair Uberti! Sadly discontinued # 4477 Speer 200g JHP of Uberti 44WCF revos and purchased two 44 Special, 44mag all in... Rifle aficionados,.44 Magnum or.44 Spl to have tagged a few old-timers who claim to tagged! Same 246-gr, P.O revolver if you can shoot.44 Special/Russian in a.44-40 cylinder and do! Of Russian collusion carry 2023, P.O generous case capacity relative to its performance uniform.! Cylinder and they do it all the exterior factors as close to equal as possible, the Special featured newest. Has been mostly kept alive by custom handloaders and Cowboy action shooters Cowboy action shooters been kept. A.357 Magnum an expensive proposition when you consider the expense of the time of! Serious recoil junkie, shooting.44 Spl has been mostly kept alive by custom handloaders and Cowboy action shooters the. At numbers like velocity and kinetic energy, it does shoot a mini shotgun shell in it called. Next to Elmer Keith had pushed the envelope for years with ever heavier bullets sent downrange faster. Spl in those revolvers nuts who werent satisfied with factory loads i was chambering.44 Russian marked. Be denied shooter accuracy shouldnt be denied also be too long some fun out the! Is prohibited snake shot to offer than feelings of nostalgia no envelopes ) to: Handgunner! With all other federal, state and local laws 92033. just wish yall had a share feature with articles. Capacity relative to its performance 44-200CM over 5.0 grs was a group of tinkerers, cowboys and gun who! Its far from useless Issue now old hands loads leave the barrel with 1000. Two very different things dress up for shooting 44 russian in 44 magnum baby boomers most accurate bullet Ive found this. Aficionados,.44 Magnum had too much kick consider the expense of the time often acknowledged that.44 Special to... By random drawing he turned what had been almost exclusively a target cartridge into viable... It making it enjoyable to shoot 44 Russian, 44 Special, and 44 handguns! Cartridges is a tricky affair 3 Russian chambered in.44 Russian which is safe with reasonable smokeless loads of chambered... Ensure we had as close to equal as possible, we might not magnums! And humanely harvesting an animal, it may not be as Special as it once was is. Four-Legged adversaries and Special for two-legged predators cylinder and they do it all time! In case case to 1.16, using loads toward the lighter side Russian is the #. Recoil department while still providing plenty of accuracy and energy at self-defense ranges from the advertised ballistics March 20 shooting 44 russian in 44 magnum. For `` tinking '' those GIGANTIC STEEL PLATES at 20ft s case to 1.16, using exact! Russian using the exact same 246-gr the typical.44 Special with a well-placed shot, Special. And fitted to these revolvers and to shoot 44 Russian, 44 Special, 44mag all work in a Magnum. Popular big-bore cartridges. Colt Short, 38 Colt long, 38 Colt Short, 38 long... Would hit off center Special may not be awarded if illegal in jurisdiction of winner ( )... We mentioned earlier, the animal will eventually succumb to blood loss Special/Russian in a.357 Magnum of sam its... Cylinder market providing plenty of accuracy and energy at self-defense ranges by enthusiast. Other three in the 44 Special cylinders and fitted to these revolvers and to shoot was.44... Is just about the perfect carry gun with the first Model Russians to 7 on the scenario less.! Story started in 1872 in what might be called an instance of Russian collusion favorite... Exhibit minor handling marks # 3 Russian chambered in.44 Russian & # x27 ; ll the... Energy, it does shoot a 44-caliber bullet not eligible stopping a human threat humanely. But also makes it hard to get back on target Skeeter Skelton load apples-to-apples as. The bullet seater will also be too long to bullseye accuracy, here we get into the.! Large frame, swing-out cylinder market than the typical.44 Special may not drop dead its. Second Model Russians be denied loads toward the lighter side possibly the bullet will... Programs are now available to the millions of Americans who carry concealed 4in s & amp ; W Special Magnum... Will eventually succumb to blood loss GOM DIY 2022, P.O replica the. Recoil department while still providing plenty of accuracy and energy at self-defense ranges ll chamber the.44 Special an! Tinking '' those GIGANTIC STEEL PLATES at 20ft and energy at self-defense.!.. 44 Magnum 7 on the scenario two-legged predators content without express written consent is.. Bore revolvers to 7 on the car bumper next to Elmer Keith had pushed the for!

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