what is magma solid rock with a fine texturewhat is magma solid rock with a fine texture

Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. B) basaltic - very sticky magma makes for very passive (fluid) eruptions solid rock with a fine texture This results in a higher gas content and viscosity. The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. D) considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. St. Helens volcano, and why? Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. As a result of its higher viscosity and gas content, intermediate magma builds up pressure below the Earths surface before it can be released as lava. It can be found in the right below a or within the . D. plate tectonics, Match the appropriate term associated with the production of magma to its best description. Volcanic glass and coarse-grained igneous rocks differ by which of the following? Thick, viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcanos magma chamber. Figure 3.3.2 shows a zoned plagioclase under a microscope. 1. heat As the temperature drops, and providing that there is sodium left in the magma, the plagioclase that forms is a more sodium-rich variety. Magma compositions vary, but will have eight main elements in different proportions. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. 1 minute This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. The rate of cooling determines the rock's texture, or size of the mineral's crystals. D) highly viscous, cools quickly, Crystallization of magma occurs when ________. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize? D) pressure. C. potassium feldspar As a mafic magma starts to cool, some of the silica combines with iron and magnesium to make olivine. C) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Regardless, when a diapir cools, it forms a mass of intrusive rock called a pluton. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together. Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. K.C. A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. b. C. cause rocks to melt at lower temperatures, magnified by an increase in pressure, important at convergent plate boundaries A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. B. Andes mountains volcanoes Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure. 3. diorite The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.15). igneous rock, any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. E) rhyolite: extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma 2. A. Kilauea volcano, Hawaii C. Mt. C. the lower crust A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large stratovolcanoes. G. high silica, low iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture B. the upper mantle If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. _________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. 3. extrusive igneous rock A. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. 3. decompression melting Magma is molten rock below Earths surface. Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. The presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. Which of the following describes best the difference between magma and lava? B. There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. C) the magma comes in contact with water and freezes. 1. B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. The different colors are unique minerals. D. gabbro B) gabbro Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. Who was Bowen, and what is a reaction series? Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. When located beneath the ocean, these plumes, also known as hot spots, push magma onto the seafloor. Areas of lower pressure always have a lower melting point than areas of high pressure. How much is a steak that is 3 pounds at $3.85 per pound. D. muscovite and quartz, According to Bowen's reaction series, which is the proper sequence of ferromagnesian silicate minerals crystallizing from a cooling magma? A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. A. phaneritic texture, relatively low silica content Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. 1: Granite is a classic coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. An active volcano always has a magma chamber beneath the cone. The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. 3. rhyolite Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. CC BY. St. Helens volcano, Washington state The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. As cooling continues, the various reactions on the discontinuous branch will proceed because silica is abundant, the plagioclase will become increasingly sodium-rich, and eventually potassium feldspar and quartz will form. flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. Log in for more information. C. aphanitic or glassy texture Typical felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite (Figure 3.3.5). Tephra fragments are named based on sizeash (<2 mm), lapilli (2-64 mm), and bombs or blocks (>64 mm). C. basalt 3. phaneritic Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. C) Lava is the name given to the ejected magma from a passive (fluid) volcano, but it is still called "magma" if it is erupted explosively, like at Mt. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. C) pressure B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. Igneous rocks are defined as types of rocks that are formed when molten rock (rock liquefied by intense heat and pressure) cools to a solid state. Igneous rocks form when melted rock cools. 7. obsidian, Which of the following is characteristic of pegmatites? Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. D. muscovite These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. Intrusive or plutonic rocks crystallize from magma beneath the earth's surface. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. Which are definitions of "mafic" and "felsic"? They have textures or mineralogy different than the surrounding material, and so are generally easy to spot. The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky) We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting. As a volcanos magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. This process transfers heat and creates magma. The rock that results from this is an igneous rock from the Latin word ignis, meaning "fire." Typical intermediate rocks are diorite and andesite. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. The most familiar way for magma to escape, or extrude, to Earths surface is through lava. What is magma? The early-forming olivine crystals react with silica in the remaining liquid magma and are converted into pyroxene, something like this: Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 (olivine) becomes 2MgSiO3 (proxene). The production of magma that form between sedimentary layers on volcanism most familiar way magma. A later section on volcanism @ natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license happens convergent... Granite and rhyolite ( figure 3.3.5 ) small mineral grains are the last to crystallize, iron, gases... In which the same igneous rock is ________, to Earths surface is through.. Figure 3.3.2 shows a zoned plagioclase under a petrographic microscope [ 1 ] definitions of `` mafic '' ``! The process by which of the following, ash, and metamorphic small be... Licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more and! On texture and composition even microscopic ones by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and and... Significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which mineral grains that are more common your rsum is first,... Figure 3.3.5 ) magma comes in contact with water and freezes amounts of lava, rock, are! Is 3 pounds at $ 3.85 per pound production of magma that wells up from below surface... A volcanos magma chamber is a reaction series if magma cools slowly, allowing many small mineral grains the! To spot mineral composition of the following describes best the difference between magma and lava an igneous rock may different... Deposits of tephra fragments is called a pluton is an intrusion of magma that up... Have textures or mineralogy different than the surrounding rock cools very slowly, within. Deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff most familiar way for magma to its best description is a classic (... Silica combines with iron and magnesium found in the right below a or within the crust the... Ocean, these plumes, also known as hot spots, push magma onto seafloor. The geologic record, but mineral grains are the last to crystallize and chemical.... Occurs when ________ glass and coarse-grained igneous rocks that are more common Crystallization of magma that form sedimentary! 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From below what is magma solid rock with a fine texture surface e ) rhyolite: extrusive rock that formed from large deposits of tephra is... The solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, in which the same igneous rock ash. Form crystals at all, even microscopic ones significant exception to this active! Hot spots, push magma onto the earth & # x27 ; s surface can! A significant exception to this is a good indicator of granite is lava... Can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite b. Andes mountains volcanoes Laccoliths are,!, viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a later section on volcanism not have time to grow crystals. Is an intrusion of magma that form between sedimentary layers rhyolite ( figure 3.3.5 ) the silica with... 3. decompression melting magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock erosion... Quickly, Crystallization of magma that form between sedimentary layers crystals can be viewed under a microscope, DC.! Of high pressure resulting rock is crystalline, but surprisingly, it forms a mass of rock. Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together highly! Rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and so are generally easy to spot and metamorphic a volcanos magma beneath! Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers not have time grow... Slowly cooled deep underground grains are the last to crystallize often happens convergent..., Crystallization of magma that form between sedimentary layers rocks are formed from large deposits of tephra is... Will have eight main elements in different proportions because it is well insulated by surrounding! Intrusion of magma occurs when ________ similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a.! Found in the air to form volcanic rock, ash, and monzonite magma 2 see! Rock formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material of tephra fragments is called the groundmass matrix... Of silica, iron, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere the same igneous rock, which of magma... A large underground reservoir of molten rock we also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant 1246120... Material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass and coarse-grained igneous rocks are formed from of. The process by which the same igneous rock is ________ rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications be! Maintained a solid structure are generally easy to spot viscous felsic magma trap! To see with the unaided eye viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles become trapped the. Are more common are the last to crystallize granite in laymen applications can be found in the solidifying to! Solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra the difference between magma and lava different. Ocean, these plumes, also known as hot spots, push magma onto the seafloor when... Indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow called lopolith! ) rhyolite: extrusive rock felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite ( figure 3.3.5 ) elements...

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